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Different species benefit from crops grown in slightly different locations. Aim to sow several strips or blocks around the farm, and either target a particular species or provide for several species known to be in the area.

Things to consider:

• crops containing grain that are grown alongside nesting cover such as hedgerows, grass margins or beetle banks benefit grey partridges and yellowhammers
• corn buntings and skylarks prefer open landscapes so establish your crop away from woodlands
• corn buntings like to perch on overhead wires, fences and isolated trees, so establish your crop close to these features
• black grouse will use crops adjacent to moorland
• narrow (20 metre) strips of crop alongside nesting cover, such as grass strips, hedgerows or beetle banks, can provide good brood-rearing cover for species such as grey partridge. Lower seed rates in these areas will encourage a more open habitat
• avoid sowing in shaded areas next to dense woodland where establishment will be difficult and deer and rabbit grazing can be a problem
• cereals will be the main component of the mix – oats, barley and triticale are widely used
• linseed attracts finches
• quinoa produces an abundance of seeds in the early winter
• adding an annual flowering plant such as crimson clover will help to encourage insects for the birds to feed on

Sow about one - two hectares of wild bird seed per 100 hectares, ideally in two to four separate blocks or strips. Each block or strip should be at least six metres wide.

• sow a mixture suitable for your farm type and the farmland birds in your area. Cereals will be the major component of the seed mix. Larger birds prefer barley grains and smaller birds prefer oats
• an oil-rich seed produced by plants such as fodder radish, mustard, quinoa or linseed is essential. Small oil-rich seeds are favoured by linnets, goldfinch and twite
• a mix of linseed, triticale, oats and red clover will provide relatively open cover through which birds such as grey partridge can forage
• plants that produce pollen and nectar will encourage pollinating insects such as bumble bees and hoverflies. Red clover, phacelia and borage can all supplement a seed mix to benefit insects
• as the option requires annual sowing, avoid sowing kale because it sets seed in its second year
• avoid using a mix made up with more than 70 per cent (by weight) of a single species

• corn buntings need annually-sown, grain-rich mixtures. Mixes that include oats, barley and triticale provide a source of grain throughout the winter
• mixes should also include an annual-seeding brassica such as mustard or rape or, where club root is an issue, linseed. The addition of red clover provides insect habitat and dense cover for these ground nesting birds
• a typical corn bunting one-year mix could include 32 per cent triticale, 31 per cent barley, 31 per cent oats, four per cent per cent brassica or linseed and two per cent red clover (both early and late flowering varieties) with a sowing rate of approximately 75kg/hectare

Establish the crop to maximise the winter seed supply:

• a new wild bird seed plot MUST be sown annually
• sow into cultivated ground for best results. Aim to sow into a firm, fine seedbed and establish the crop by early May at the latest
• some mixes with smaller seeds may be better broadcast on to rolled ground whilst others including cereals are better drilled. Ask your seed supplier for advice about the mix that you have chosen
• a small amount of fertiliser may help establishment, but farmyard manure will have the added benefit of increasing insect numbers
• some arable plants such as fat hen and redshank are an important part of the diet of farmland birds. Low densities are acceptable
• too much nitrogen may encourage aggressive weeds such as dockens and thistles. You cannot spray the whole crop but you can seek approval to control these weeds by spot treatment with herbicides if they are a problem
• the crop should not be harvested, grazed, ploughed or cultivated before 1 March, following the year of establishment
• limit herbicide use during establishment as this has a detrimental effect on soil biology

There are several ways in which you can increase the likely success of this option:

• aim to provide seed on at least two per cent of the agricultural area
• sow a number of strips or blocks around the farm rather than a single block of cover, with each block being a minimum of 0.5 hectares. This helps provide a plentiful supply of seed throughout the winter
• leave a cultivated, unsown three metre margin at the ends of wild bird crops to encourage arable plants
• combine this option with other options that also benefit seed eating birds and other farmland wildlife, including hedgerows, grass margins and beetle banks

In addition to seed eating birds, other species that will benefit from this option include mammals such as brown hares, voles and bats.

Including flowers in the mix, such as linseed, crimson clover and vetches, can also benefit insects. Not spraying the crop can increase numbers of other beneficial insects such as ladybirds, butterflies, moths and hoverflies.

More information on land management for a range of seed-eating birds visit the RSPB advisory pages. Individual advisory sheets are available for:

• linnet
• corn bunting
• grey partridge
• skylark
• twite
• yellowhammer

Further information on the benefits of wild bird seed mixtures and how to establish them is also available:

• Managing Arable Farmland for Wildlife (NatureScot)
• Game Crop Frequently Asked Questions (GWCT)
• Advice on Wild Bird Cover (RSPB)
• Arable Plants in Scotland – A Management Guide (Plantlife)

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