Rural Payments and Services

Waders include species such as oystercatcher, lapwing, redshank, curlew and snipe. To survive and breed successfully, they need:

• A safe nesting site. Most waders nest in short or structurally diverse grassland
• An abundance of soil and ground insects

This Wader and Wildlife Mown Grassland option aims to provide safe nesting opportunities for waders in fields closed-off for hay or silage.

Waders need time to incubate their eggs and for their chicks to become mobile enough to avoid mechanical operations such as rolling and mowing. Livestock can also trample and damage nests. Removing stock when the birds are nesting and delaying mowing until the young are mobile will help to increase the breeding success of ground nesting birds.

The exclusion period for the option has been set to take account of the requirements of different wading-bird species.

Note – avoid adopting this option for fields where corn bunting are likely to breed. Corn buntings nest late, laying their first clutches between late-May and mid-June, and their second clutches as late as mid-August. The Corn Bunting Mown Grassland option supports the later cutting dates to accommodate this.

Excluding livestock and avoiding mechanical operations (such as fertiliser spreading, harrowing, rolling and topping) during the breeding season will help improve wader breeding success.

Grazing is required outside the exclusion period to maintain a suitable structure for nesting in the following season.

Research has shown that mowing in a wildlife-friendly manner by leaving a grass strip of two metres around the field provides areas for the birds to escape to around field margins. The uncut and unsprayed field margins will also support larger populations of insects and other invertebrates, which are important food items for wader chicks.

Unimproved or semi-improved grasslands are more likely to be selected by waders than improved grasslands. Highly productive rye-grass leys are unlikely to support nesting waders, as the sward grows too high too quickly, therefore, avoid these fields and choose older grass swards.

Fields receiving substantial applications of fertiliser or slurry are unlikely to be suited to this option, as the management required involves late cutting of the crop.

The fields chosen must be established grassland. A spring grass sward does not offer suitable nesting habitat breeding waders. For this reason, fields entered into Wader and Wildlife Mown Grassland management cannot be cultivated after the silage/hay is cut to grow inter fodder crops and then re-seeded. The option can be moved around the farm within the normal rotation and on an annual basis, but the rotation must be included at the time of application.

Research has shown that waders avoid nesting and feeding in areas close to tall trees and hedges. Therefore you should keep the managed area at least 30 metres from any line or group of trees or hedgerows and you should not plant new hedges between fields entered into this management option.

Note: Although it is not an eligibility requirement that the Wader and Wildlife Mown Grassland option cannot be adopted within 30 m of a hedgerow, trees or woodland this is best practice. We advise you choose to include a 30m buffer which must be clearly shown on your management map with the width labelled. If your application is successful the area to be claimed in the contract for this option will be minus the buffer.

Fields entered into this option must remain under grass for the full contract, unless you have opted to rotate the option in your application.

Fields can be enhanced for waders by creating wader scrapes to increase insect availability during the summer months. See the Creation of Wader Scrapes capital item for more details.

If you have created wader scrapes then these require to be maintained during the contract period. Further information on maintenance can be found within the supporting guidance for the Creation of Wader Scrapes capital item.

Rushes are a common problem in wet areas and heavy infestations can have an adverse effect on the value of the grassland. Payments are available through capital items for areas needing control. Note, however, that control methods and timing will need to be planned to meet the requirements of the Wader and Wildlife Mown Grassland option.

Different species of waders on Scottish farms have different management needs, in addition to the manipulation of mowing and grazing regimes. For this reason, implementation of this option alone may not always benefit birds. Therefore, if you are considering this option, we strongly recommend you consider the particular species you intend to manage for, and any additional measures that they may require.

Further advice on four common farmland waders is available on the RSPB website:

• Lapwing
• Snipe
• Redshank
• Curlew

Further advice on helping waders on farmland is on the FAS website.

• Grazing Land Management (Working for Waders)

The integration of Wader and Wildlife Mown Grassland with other options, such as Wader Grazed Grassland,and the inclusion of capital items such as Creation of Wader Scrapes and Cutting of Rush Pasture may well be appropriate.

There are a number of wader-focused projects whose staff will be able to provide advice on waders and their management. To find your local advisor, contact your local NatureScot office.

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